Author: Victor Ashford

Introduction The twenty-first century has transformed how nations compete for power, protect their interests, and influence the international system. Military strength remains important, but economic…

Strategic rivalries are among the most influential forces shaping international geopolitics. They determine how countries build alliances, develop military capabilities, compete for economic advantages, protect…

Strategic alliances shape how countries protect their interests, respond to security threats, compete for economic influence, and manage an increasingly interconnected world. From NATO’s collective-defence…

International decisions shape the world in ways that extend far beyond diplomatic meetings and government announcements. Decisions about war and peace, international trade, climate change,…

Introduction Every country has a geographical extent, but the lines separating states represent far more than divisions on a map. International borders determine where governments…

In international politics, military strength alone rarely determines whether a country can achieve its long-term objectives. Economic influence, diplomacy, alliances, technological capabilities, development assistance, culture,…

As international competition becomes more complex, decision-makers face a problem that is larger than simply knowing what happened. They need to understand why events are…

Introduction Global Strategic Partnerships have become an important instrument of international relations as governments navigate a world shaped by geopolitical competition, economic interdependence, technological change,…

Current reality: September 2026 Economic power has become one of the most important instruments of international politics. Governments can now influence foreign-policy outcomes without deploying…

Introduction International Political Economy (IPE) examines one of the most consequential relationships in world affairs: how political power shapes economic activity across borders, and how…