Author: Victor Ashford

Sovereignty in International Relations is the principle that gives states legal authority over their territory, population, political institutions, and domestic affairs while recognizing their formal…

No single authority runs the world. Yet countries constantly coordinate on pandemics, trade rules, and climate targets. They do this through institutions, treaties, and norms.…

Global stability is not simply the absence of war. It is the ability of states, international institutions, economies, and societies to manage disputes without allowing…

International peace depends on more than the military strength of individual states. It also depends on whether countries can agree that threats to peace are…

Introduction Geopolitical forecasting is the systematic assessment of how political, economic, military, technological, diplomatic, and social developments may evolve over time. Governments, intelligence organizations, international…

Foreign policy decisions rarely emerge from a single cause. A government may respond to an external security threat, but its decision can also be shaped…

Global Influence is one of the most important concepts for understanding how the international system works. Countries do not shape world affairs through military strength…

Introduction Global affairs analysis has become increasingly important as political, economic, security, technological, and environmental developments interact across national borders. A conflict in one region…

The International Political System is the framework through which sovereign states, international organizations, alliances, multinational institutions, corporations, and other actors interact across borders. It shapes…

The international system is undergoing a profound transformation. For much of the period after the Cold War, the United States possessed an unusually strong concentration…