Year: 2026

International peace depends on more than the military strength of individual states. It also depends on whether countries can agree that threats to peace are…

Security is no longer measured only by the strength of borders, armed forces, or the ability of governments to deter external threats. A country can…

Introduction National security is no longer limited to protecting a country’s borders from military attack. In the 21st century, a state can face serious security…

International Security is no longer defined only by armies, borders, missiles, and conventional wars. The modern security environment connects military confrontation with nuclear deterrence, cyberattacks,…

Introduction Geopolitical forecasting is the systematic assessment of how political, economic, military, technological, diplomatic, and social developments may evolve over time. Governments, intelligence organizations, international…

International cooperation is one of the central mechanisms through which countries address problems that cross national borders. From preventing wars and managing pandemics to regulating…

International diplomacy is the organized process through which states and other international actors communicate, negotiate, manage disputes, build agreements, and pursue their interests without relying…

Foreign policy decisions rarely emerge from a single cause. A government may respond to an external security threat, but its decision can also be shaped…

International conflict is one of the defining forces shaping the modern international system. It can involve direct warfare between states, conflicts involving governments and armed…

Introduction Every state enters the international arena with priorities it seeks to protect, advance, or sometimes reconcile with the interests of other countries. These priorities…